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Mortality and life expectancy in relation to longterm cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking: The Zutphen Study PMC Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable disease and early death worldwide. Some studies have estimated that each cigarette smoked may reduce life expectancy, although the exact number of minutes Estimating the impact of cigarette smoking on life expectancy from 1950 to 2000 Smokers Die Ten Years Sooner Than Non Smokers Light smoking at base line predicts a higher mortality risk to women than to men; evidence from a cohort with long follow up BMC Public Health Springer Nature Link

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